Inleiding: Franz Von Papen & Werner Horn; schaker en pion

Onlangs stuitte ik in een oud boek (1) van 1919 op een opmerkelijk verhaal over een Duitse Luitenant, die in begin februari 1915 een half geslaagde bomaanslag pleegt op een spoorbrug over een grensrivier tussen de Verenigde Staten en Canada. Ook al staat de bekentenis van de dader, Werner Horn, deels in het boek te lezen, de naam van zijn opdrachtgever zal Horn blijven verzwijgen. Na wat verder zoeken vond ik ook de naam van Horn’s opdrachtgever, Franz von Papen, een van de aangeklaagden van het latere Neurenberg Proces in 1946.

In een Grote Oorlog als de Eerste Wereldoorlog  is Horn’s aanslag op de brug uiteraard slechts een bescheiden wapenfeit. Toch vermoed ik dat dit relatief onbekende verhaal, dat de geschiedenis is ingegaan als de “ Vanceboro International Bridge Bombing ”, nog interessante kanten kent. Het is onder andere een spionageverhaal over hoe in een groter plan een sluwe schaker zijn naïeve pion offert.  

Beknopte situatieschets Canada en de Verenigde Staten in 1915

This trip we start at the Léomont near Vitrimont and we will with some exceptions concentrate on the Battle of Lorraine of August-September 1914 in the area, called, the “Trouée de Charmes”, the Gap of Charmes.

After the Léomont battlefield we continue our explorations to Friscati hill and its Nécropole Nationale. Next we pay a visit to the battlefield of la Tombe to go on to the Château de Lunéville. There we cross the Vezouze to move on southward to the Bayon Nécropole Nationale. At Bayon we cross the Moselle to pass Charmes for the panorama over the battlefield from the Haut du Mont. North-west of Charmes we will visit the British Military Cemetery containing 1918 war victims. From Charmes we go northward to the battlefield of the First French Victory of the Great War, the Battle of Rozelieures of 25 August 1914. North of Rozelieures we will visit the village of Gerbéviller. From there we make a jump northward to visit the ruins of Fort de Manonviller to finish with an interesting French Dressing Station bunker, west of Domjevin.

Though we depart from Badonviller in the Northern Vosges , we make a jump northward to the east of Lunéville and Manonviller. We start at Avricourt on the border of Alsace and Lorraine. From the Avricourt Deutscher Soldatenfriedhof we explore the southern Lorraine battlefields ; the mine craters of Leintrey , the Franco- German war cemetery and Côte 303 at Reillon , and some German bunkers near Gondrexon , Montreux , and Parux.

We depart from Raon-l’Etape to drive northward via Badonviller to Montreux to visit the  "Circuit du Front Allemand 14-18", the  Montreux German Front Walk 14-18,  with its trenches , breastworks , and at least twenty bunkers.

North-east of Nancy, east of Pont-à-Mousson, and south-east of Metz we visit the battlefields of the Battle of Morhange of 14 until 20 August 1914. We follow mainly topographically the route of the French advance eastward over the Franco-German border of 1871-1918.
During this visit, we try to focus on the day that the momentum of the battle switched from the French side to the advantage of the Bavarian side: the day of 20 August 1914, when the Bavarians rapidly re-conquered the territory around Morhange , being also the day of the start of their rather successful “Schlacht in Lothringen”.
We will visit beautiful landscapes of the "Parc Naturel Régional de Lorraine", memorials, ossuaries, and cemeteries. Sometimes we will divert to other periods of the Great War, honouring Russian and Romanian soldiers, who died in this sector. We start our route at the border village of Manhoué, and via Frémery, Oron, Chicourt, Morhange, Riche, Conthil, Lidrezing, Dieuze, Vergaville, Bidestroff, Cutting, Bisping we will finish in Nomeny and Mailly-sur-Seille, where the Germans halted their advance on 20 August 1914, and where they constructed from 1915 some interesting bunkers.

South of Manhoué we start this trip at Lanfroicourt along the French side of the Franco-German 1871-1918 border, marked by the meandering Seille river. We visit some French bunkers  in Lanfroicourt, near Array-et-Han and in Moivrons. From there we go northward to the outskirts of Nomeny and the hamlet of Brionne to visit the ( second ) memorial, commemorating the events in Nomeny of 20 August 1914. We continue westward to finish at the Monument du Grand Couronné at the Côte de Géneviève, a former French artillery base, which offers several panoramic views over the battlefield.

North of Pont-à-Mousson and south of Metz, we explore the relics of German bunkers and fortifications along the Franco-German 1871-1918 border. We start at Bouxières-sous-Froidmont to visit the nearby height of the Froidmont on the front line. This time we will show only a part of the Froidmont, focusing on its military significance.  From the Froidmont we continue via Longeville-lès-Cheminot and Sillegny to the “Forêt Domaniale de Sillegny” to explore some artillery ammunition bunkers. Next we continue to Marieulles for its three interesting bunkers and to Vezon for its line of ammunition depot bunkers. From Vezon we continue to the “Deutscher Kriegsgräberstätte Fey – Buch”. From Fey we go eastward, passing 6 bunkers near Coin-lès-Cuvry to finish our trip at the top construction of the “Feste Wagner” or “Fort Verny”, north of Verny.

From Badonviller or the Col du Donon we continue north-eastward for a visit to an extraordinarily well restored sample of German fortifications:  the Feste Kaiser Wilhelm II, or Fort de Mutzig,  lying on a height, some 8 km. away from the 1871-1918 Franco-German Border.

We concentrate on the German side of the front around "Markirch", Sainte Marie-aux-Mines, the so-called "Leber" front sector . We first pay a visit to the Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines Deutscher Soldatenfriedhof, and next to the southern side of the Col de Ste. Marie for the many interesting bunkers of the German positions at the Bernhardstein, at the north-eastern slopes of the Tête du Violu. On the next photo page about the Haut de Faîte we will continue with a visit to the northern side of the pass and the "Leber" sector.

From the Bernhardstein , south of the Col de Ste. Marie, we continue our exploration on the northern side of the Col at the southern slopes of the Chaume de Lusse . Though we will first visit the French Col de Ste. Marie National Cemetery, afterwards we will continue exploring the German relics of the “ Leber ” Sector on the Haut de Faîte and the Roche des Chèvres .

From the Tête de Violu, or the Haute de Faîte, or from the Col de Ste. Marie, we continue via the D 459 north-eastward. We drive “behind the French lines”, via Wisembach and Bonipaire, to stop south of Bertrimoutier to visit the Franco-German War Cemetery. In a frame I will explain the events during the Battle of the Spitzemberg.

After this visit to the cemetery we will cross the former Front Line to continue to Frapelle, where we will visit the Memorial of the U.S. 5th Division at Frapelle. In a frame I will explain the role of the 5th Division in June - August 1918 at Frapelle.

A visit to the Bavarian bunkers along the Col d'Hermanpaire and to the former battlefields around the hamlets of the Commune of Ban de Sapt: Launois, La Fontenelle, Laitre, and St. Jean d'Ormont.

From Ban de Sapt along the D 49 northward to Senones for a visit to the French and German War Cemeteries at la Poterosse, to some German bunkers at the slopes of the Côte de Senones , like Les Quatres Bancs, and a few panorama views,  photographed from the Roche Mère Henry.

On rainy days in June 2008 and 2010 we went from Senones to the west and later more to the north , to visit the passes of three important summits in the Northern Vosges . These formed the battlefields of the Battle of the Haute Meurthe - Mortange of August and September 1914. A photo report of a visit to the Col de la Chipotte , some 25 km. to the north , to Pierre- Percée and via Badonviller to the Col de la Chapelotte and its "Cave of the Poilus ", to cross next the front line near Allarmont , to continue in 2011 to the north-east , to the Col du Donon , and to finish some 8 km. eastward at the Nécropole Nationale de Wisches .

We return from Wisches  to the Col du Donon.  In June 2011 we spent two warm days walking two routes at the foot of the Donon mountain to explore the former German defensive lines along the 1871-1918 Franco-German border.  This photo impression will show you many traces of German trenches and bunkers hidden in the beautiful woods at the foot of the Donon.  In three frames you will find some background information about the strategic importance of these lines, about the “inhabitants” of these dug-outs, and a concise “Bunkerology”-chapter, an introduction to the evolution of German concrete shelter bunkers.  Both Donon walks, Route “A” and Route “B” , will be introduced separately in more detail below.

Preface

Kort voorwoord

Introduction